The Age of the Ocean Floor

The youngest crust of the ocean floor can be found near the seafloor spreading centers or mid-ocean ridges. As the plates split apart, magma rises from below the Earths surface to fill in the empty void. The magma hardens and crystallizes as it latches onto the moving plate and continues to cool over millions of years as it moves farther away from the divergent boundary. Like any rock, the plates of basaltic composition become less thick and denser as they cool. When an old, cold and dense oceanic plate comes into contact with a thick, buoyant continental crust or younger (and thus warmer and thicker) oceanic crust, it will always subduct.  In essence, oceanic plates are more susceptible to subduction as they get older.   Because of this correlation between age and subduction potential, very little ocean floor is older than 125 million years and almost none of it is older than 200 million years. Therefore, seafloor dating isnt that useful for studying plate motions beyond the Cretaceous. For that, geologists date and study continental crust.  Ã‚   The lone outlier (the bright splash of purple that you see north of Africa) to all of this is the Mediterranean Sea. It is the lasting remnant of an ancient ocean, the Tethys, that is shrinking as Africa and Europe collide in the Alpide  orogeny. At 280 million years, it still pales in comparison to the four-billion-year-old rock that can be found on the continental crust.   A History of Ocean Floor Mapping and Dating The ocean floor is a mysterious place that marine geologists and oceanographers have struggled to fully grasp. In fact, scientists have mapped more of the surface of the Moon, Mars, and Venus than the surface of our ocean. (You may have heard this fact before, and while true, there is a logical explanation as to why.)   Seafloor mapping, in its earliest, most primitive form, consisted of lowering weighted lines and measuring how far the sunk. This was done mostly to determine near-shore hazards for navigation. The development of sonar in the early 20th century allowed scientists to get a clearer picture of seafloor topography.  It didnt provide dates or chemical analyses of the ocean floor, but it did uncover long oceanic ridges, steep canyons and many other landforms that are indicators of plate tectonics.   The seafloor was mapped by shipborne magnetometers in the 1950s and produced puzzling results - sequential zones of normal and reverse magnetic polarity  spreading out from the oceanic ridges. Later theories showed that  this was due to the reversing nature of Earths magnetic field. Every so often (it has occurred over 170 times over the past 100 million years), the poles will suddenly switch.  As the magma and lava cool at seafloor spreading centers, whatever magnetic field is present get ingrained into the rock. The ocean plates spread and grow in opposite directions, so rocks that are equidistance from the center have the same magnetic polarity and age. That is, until they get subducted and recycled under less-dense oceanic or continental crust.   Deep ocean drilling and radiometric dating in the late 1960s gave an accurate stratigraphy and precise date of the ocean floor. From studying the oxygen isotopes of the shells of microfossils in these cores, scientists were able to begin studying the Earths past climates in a study known as paleoclimatology.

Essay on Bullying In America - 989 Words

Bullying is an act that is an everyday occurrence in some people’s lives. Bullying can be direct or indirect. What this means, is that bullying can be in the form of violence such as hitting and kicking or in the form of verbal abuse such as name calling and teasing. Manipulation and exclusion are also forms of bullying. Bullying can be taken into consideration as a minor assault but any form should be taken seriously. Whether it is taken to an extreme, done over a long or short period of time, or only a one time thing, bullying is bullying and should not be tolerated. I have heard about an episode of bullying myself. My friend back in elementary school was telling me how she witnessed her friend being bullied almost everyday during†¦show more content†¦This study was conducted by the Toronto’s Board of Education and further studies have indicated that most bullying takes place in and around school. Studies on the effects of bullying have many negative factors. These negative factors do not only affect the victim but the bully and the environment in which the bullying is taking place. Studies about the effects of bullying show that those who bully are more likely to drop out of school and less likely to attend school regularly. Studies also show that those who bully are at a higher probability to be involved with violence, criminality, and delinquency in their future. Bullying can lead to low self-esteem and confidence, poor concentration, depression, illnesses, isolation, physiological and health problems, and suicide. It also takes away from the safe and educational environment in a school setting. So how do we stop this? Perhaps we can not stop violence from happening all over the world, but we can do something about this violence. Proven nonviolent strategies that could decrease the incidence of bullying can be taken at many levels. There is the government level in which studies can be conducted about bullying. Anti-bullying laws can be anticipated and brought out. The law enforcement level is where the police, officials, and those of authority can step in and enforce the laws against bullying. The school systemShow MoreRelatedBullying in America Essays1107 Words   |  5 Pagescom, seventy-seven percent of students are bullied. The definition of bullying has recently changed (how-to-stop-bullying.com). The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the verb â€Å"bully† as â€Å"to treat abusively† (Merriam-Webster). There is more than one way to abuse someone. So a complete definition, that comes from www.bullyingstatistics.org, is any type of verbal, social, physical, and cyberbullying abuse that occurs (Naas). Bullying is seen everywhere. It is talked about in movies, media, songs, andRead More The Bullying Crisis in America Essays1949 Words   |  8 PagesSchools do not talk about it, parents do not know how to stop it from happening, but so many suffer from it, bullying. 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To find out more about this issue I will be looking into six articles that explain what bullying is, who is affected by bullying, the effect on LGBT children and what can be d one to solve the problem of bullying. On this paper first, I will talk about what bullying is and the history of it. Second, I will talk about policies thatRead MorePreventing Child Abuse By Donna J. Stone984 Words   |  4 Pages Prevent Child Abuse America is one of my top list organizations that makes a really big difference to preventing child abuse. The Prevent Child Abuse America is the organization founded in 1972 by Donna J. Stone. Their mission is â€Å"to prevent the abuse and neglect of our nation s children.† This organization helped and saved many innocent lives who suffered from abuse. They offer children to be able to stand again and seek better opportunity despite of being a victim of child abuse. They haveRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesBullying, or being bullied, was once thought of as a normal process of growing up that had little to no impact in life. Now, it has become lethal enough to even go as far to conv ince one to end their life or commit a felony. The action of bullying a person has increased not just physically but also through the cyberspace world. As the world’s internet continues to expand with more social media and entertainment pages like Facebook, WorldStarHipHop, video blogging website, music video promotersRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Action Of Harassing Or Harming People Using Technology945 Words   |  4 PagesCyber bullying is an action of harassing or harming people using technology. It is increasing with the increasing technology. People of all ages are victims for this where majority of them are teenagers. It includes posting rumors or gossip about a person and insulting them or sometimes it may include morphing of their photos and posting them in social media networks to embarrass them. A victim can t cyber predict the cyber bully and is difficult to know that person. A cyber bully can be any unknownRead MoreCyber Bullying: A Study of Long Term Effects on Adolescent Cyber Bullying1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Cyber bullying is a topic that has been researched many times. As technology changes, it is important that research is kept up to date on how victimization can affect present and future psychosocial adjustment issues. Cyber bullying is defined as victimization that intends to harm another through electronic means, where individuals can harm without physical interaction. (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyber bullying requires little planning and there is little chance of being caught. It is importantRead MoreThe Biggest Lie in History1100 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think of the United States of America are lies. Although we are all given these rights when first born, the way our society is and has been make that line of the Declaration of Independence a false statement. Examples of slavery, women’s rights, bullying, and segregation all contradict those words which the United States takes pride in. Slavery has been a big example of a violation of our civil rights. Slavery has been record ed and started in America back in 1619 when the Jamestown Colony

Analysis of The ABC System

Question: Explain, analysis of the ABC system. Answer: Following an evaluation, I think it is important for the firm to introduce the ABC pricing system to their accounting ventures. The ABC system has various benefits that sideline the negative results of the application of the system. It will offer the firm more accurate costing of the two products, rather than rely on the top market players; it offers the firm a better understanding to the overheads; the system offers utilization to the unit cost rather than just the total cost and makes visible waste and the non-value adding engagements (CHANG, C, 2010, 47). The system will support management performance and the scorecards, and offers an easy facilitation of the benchmarking processes. However, the operation of the system requires immense resources and is costly to maintain (RUHANITA MAELAH, 2011, 73). However, with the cash flow in the firm, it will be easy to operate the ABC comfortably. The ABC produces numbers with product margins that do not flow with the data from the existing traditional accounting methods, and the data from the system can have an easy misinterpretation. The overhead costs of the firm are not enough to cause worry hence the system will run smoothly. The incremental value the firm will achieve by the allocation of overhead will be a little obsessive-compulsive personality disorder of the firm rather than an act of good accounting. Additionally, the firm has fewer principal activities that use up the overhead costs. Therefore, the lower the activities that use the overhead costs, the easier it will be to implement the ABC system in the firm. The firm will trace, through the new system, the activities that lead to the overhead expenses to the particular product in the firm. After the tracing, the ABC offers appropriate measures known as cost drivers to tie the overhead expenses to the product point and offer a deemed solution (Maingi, J, 2013, 58). In conclusion, the ABC system will be an appropriate tool for the firm to manage the overhead costs, and increase the general profitability of the manufactured products. The ABC will offer numbers that will transform the way the owner of the business thinks and offer more creative solutions than those from the emulation of the competitors in his line of business. References CHANG, C. M. (2010). Service systems management and engineering: creating strategic differentiation and operational excellence. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. Maingi, J., 2013. Advantages Disadvantages of activity based costing with reference to economic value addition. GRIN Verlag. RUHANITA MAELAH. (2011). Research in management accounting Malaysian environment. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Pub. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1114410.

Why Should I Be Accepted Essay Example For Students

Why Should I Be Accepted Essay Why Should i be Accept You High school is a strange time. After three years of trying to develop identity and friends in middle school, students are expected to mature immediately on the first day of ninth grade, but I never did this. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success, as measured by GPA, would be to my future life, and as a result I am applying to college with seemingly contradictory measures of my ability to perform college-level work. If I had worked and studied hard rather than hanging out with friends and viewing high school as an opportunity to socialize, I would not have to apply to school with a 1300 SAT and a 2.7 GPA. Had I taken my grades in my earlier years seriously, I could have been a colleges dream candidate. This year I have made an earnest effort to improve my work ethic. My grade point average is rising and my study habits are improving. However, after performing poorly for three years, my GPA cannot reflect the transform ation I underwent at the start of this year. Dedicated to making something of myself, I finally matured and am now trying to lessen the consequences of my past actions. Armed with my new attitude and my understanding of the extreme importance of earning good grades to signal my capacity to work responsibly, I assure you that I will never revert to the student I once was. In retrospect, I believe that it was my inability to choose my classes that resulted in my lack of enthusiasm on the ride to school each morning. I enjoy the freedom to pursue my own interests and anxiously anticipate the ability to choose my own class schedule in college. While I understand that college will be significantly more challenging than high school, I have always found it easier to study for a class that interests me. I am also willing to accept the fact that as long as I am in school, I will be forced to take required courses that I might be less than enthusiastic about. However, with my new goal-oriente d nature, I will realize that I am working towards my college degree and my future success, and I will regain the drive to excel. Moreover, I now realize the emptiness in the lives of people who can only do one thing well. There is tremendous benefit in being well-rounded, and I now understand that even my least favorite subject will contribute to my ultimate goal of living a rewarding life while working at a fulfilling career. I will definitely enjoy the independence of campus life. The camaraderie should only add to the college experience. The courses will be challenging, but I am willing to do what it takes to achieve my ultimate goal. I assure you that I have the potential. I am changed man, hoping that my youthful immaturity will not have a lasting effect on my future success. Acceptance Essays We will write a custom essay on Why Should I Be Accepted specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now